Develop Health and Safety and Risk Management Policies Essay

An act is passed by Parliament, which is the highest form of law in the land. An act of parliament is the primary legislation of the UK. A law is considered to be an act when it has already been duly passed by a legislative body. It is for this reason that certain acts vary from one state to another. A regulation, on the other hand, is one that is approved by a group of individuals based on an act that has already been passed. These regulations are based on the act that has been approved and served as a means to make the act a lot easier to follow and adhere to. Delegated or secondary legislation allows the Government to make changes to the law using powers confered by an Act of Parliament. Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 , also referred to as HSWA, HSW Act or HASAWA, is the primary piece of legislation covering occupational health and safety in Great Britain. The Health and Safety Executive with local authorities (and other enforcing authorities) is responsible for enforcing the Act and a number of other Acts and Statutory Instruments relevant to the working environment. General duties of the act: †¢ To maintain or improve standards of health and safety at work, to protect other people against risks arising from work activities, to control the storage and use of dangerous substances and to control certain emissions into the air. †¢ Contains the duties placed upon employers with regard to their employees. †¢ Places duties on employers and the self-employed to ensure their activities do not endanger anybody (with the self-employed that includes themselves), and to provide information, in certain circumstances, to the public about any potential hazards. †¢ Places a duty on those in control of premises, which are non-domestic and used as a place of work, to ensure they do not endanger those who work within them. †¢ Places duties on manufacturers, suppliers, designers, importers etc. in relation to articles and substances used at work. †¢ Places duties upon employees. †¢ Places a duty on everyone not to intentionally or recklessly interfere with or misuse anything provided in the interests of health, safety and welfare. †¢ Provides that an employer may not charge his employees for anything done, or equipment provided for health and safety purposes under a relevant statutory provision. It also establishes the Health & Safety Commission (HSC) and Executive (HSE), lays out the systems for enforcing the act, including the penalties for breaches of law and is the source of Crown immunity. The Health and Safety Commission (HSC) is responsible for health and safety regulation in Great Britain. The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) (and local authorities) are the enforcing authorities who work in support of the HSC. Both are statutory bodies, established under the Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 (the HSW Act). HSC’s statutory functions include conducting and sponsoring research; promoting training; providing an information and advisory service; and submitting proposals to Ministers for new or revised regulations and approved codes of practice. HSE advises and assists HSC and has specific statutory responsibilities of its own, notably for enforcing health and safety law. Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 (amended 2003) These Regulations require an employer to implement preventive and protective measures on the basis of general principles of prevention set out in EU legislation. There is also a new regulation requiring that a competent person in the employer’s employment shall be appointed for the purpose of assisting him in undertaking the measures he needs to take to comply with the requirements and prohibitions imposed upon him by or under statutory provisions (not one who is not in his employment as in previous legislation). Employers must also arrange any necessary contacts with external services, especially as regards first-aid, emergency medical care and rescue work, that might be needed. In the event of failure to comply with these Regulations, it is not an adequate defence that it was caused by his employee or by any other. RIDDOR 1995 Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations It places a legal duty on employers, the self-employed and those in control of premises to report some work-related accidents, diseases and dangerous occurrences to the relevant enforcing authority for their work activity. This can be the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) or one of the local authorities. Responsible persons are generally employers but also include various managers and occupiers of premises. Though the regulations do not impose a specific obligation on employees, they have a general obligation under section 7 of the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 to take care of safety. The Health and Safety Executive recommends that they report incidents to their employer and encourages voluntary notification to the relevant regulating authority. COSSH 1994 (amended 2002) COSHH is the law that requires employers to control substances that are hazardous to health. You can prevent or reduce workers exposure to hazardous substances by: †¢ finding out what the health hazards are †¢ deciding how to prevent harm to health †¢ providing control measures to reduce harm to health †¢ making sure they are used †¢ keeping all control measures in good working order †¢ providing information, instruction and training for employees and others †¢ providing monitoring and health surveillance in appropriate cases †¢ planning for emergencies Most businesses use substances, or products that are mixtures of substances. Some processes create substances. These could cause harm to employees, contractors and other people. Sometimes substances are easily recognized as harmful. Common substances such as paint, bleach or dust from natural materials may also be harmful. Manual Handling Operations 1992 This is defined, in Regulation 2, as ‘any transporting or supporting of a load (including the lifting, putting down, pushing, pulling, carrying or moving thereof) by hand or by bodily force. The regulations apply to all work that involves carrying or holding loads such as lifting boxes, packing goods, or pushing or pulling trolleys. They specify all factors employers must consider if they employ manual workers. These include whether manual tasks involve awkward movements, moving loads over long distances, holding goods that are difficult to grasp and the capabilities of the worker. Employers are required to provide adequate training to staff on safe handling and lifting techniques relevant to the task. Manual handling is a major source of injury and the HSE have provided a lot of supporting materials and guidance for employers on how to minimize the risks involved in MH operations. Food Safety Act 1990 The Food Safety Act 1990 is wide-ranging legislation on food safety and consumer protection in relation to food throughout Great Britain. The Act covers activities throughout the food distribution chain, from primary production through distribution to retail and catering. It gives the Government powers to make regulations on matters of detail. The Food Standards Agency is the principal Government Department responsible for preparing specific regulations under the Act. The main aims of the Act are: †¢ to ensure that all food meets consumers expectations in terms of nature, substance and quality and is not misleadingly presented; †¢ to provide legal powers and specify offences in relation to public health and consumers’ interest; and †¢ to enable Great Britain to fulfill its part of the United Kingdoms’ responsibilities in the European Union. Food Hygiene Regulations 2006 The way in which you achieve the following points depends on the individual setting. Whichever policy you have, it should firstly include a written statement that outlines your food safety procedures, and secondly be reviewed at regular intervals. You should always bear in mind that it has been developed to encourage businesses put in place food safety management procedures, and to comply with food hygiene regulations. It applies to everyone who works in the food business, from owners and managers right through to food handling staff. Businesses can range from a supermarket, cafe, pub, mobile food stall, exclusive restaurant, right through to a school dining area. All sectors are covered including; caterers, primary producers (such as farmers), manufacturers, distributors and retailers. It relates to public or private organizations involved in any of the following activities; †¢ preparation of food †¢ processing of food †¢ manufacture of food †¢ packaging of food †¢ storage of food †¢ transportation/distribution of food †¢ handling of food †¢ Offering food for sale. Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order (FSO) 2005 The Order applies to virtually all buildings, places and structures other than individual private dwellings e.g. individual flats in a block or family homes, and it is your responsibility to make sure your workplace reaches the required standard and employees are provided with adequate fire safety training. The Fire Safety Order places the emphasis on risk reduction and fire prevention. Under the Order, people responsible for commercial buildings i.e. the employer, owner, or any other person who has control of any part of the premises, are required to carry out a mandatory detailed fire risk assessment identifying the risks and hazards in the premises.

Dramatic Technique in Death of a Salesman

Discuss the dramatic techniques in Death of a Salesman. From a technical point of view, Miller was welcomed by those involved in the practical craft of theatre. In his plays, we find challenge and convention, boldness and caution, daring technical experiment and poetic dialogues. In Death of a Salesman , his new dramatic techniques- unrealistic setting, music, lighting, etc. -all generated a sense of mutation of old forms and conventions. Death of a Salesman concentrates on Willy Loman, an exhausted middle aged salesman, who has failed to realize his dream of economic success and is presented as being on the verge of a nervous breakdown. Failure also engulfs his wife Linda and two sons-Biff and Happy. The play is divided into three main parts, act 1, act 2 and the requiem. Each section takes place in the present day (spring 1949). Act 1-night time Act 2-various times the next day Act 3-several days later The play is largely a representation of what takes place in his mind during the last two days of his life. In fact, Willy’s reminiscences allow us to understand what happened in the past, and why things are how they are now in the present day. Miller says: â€Å"The salesman image was from the beginning absorbed with the concept that nothing in life comes next but everything exists together and at the same time within us. † The story is told on two different levels. There is a public storyline (realistic) which begins late one night and ends twenty-four hours later. Parallel with this, there is the private storyline (non-realistic) inside Willy’s mind, which like our own minds, does not always work logically and chronologically but mixes up memories and imaginings with what is actually taking place in the present. Miller was interested in expressionism but didn’t want to abandon the conventions of realism. He used, like O Neill, a dramatic form that combined the subjectivity of expressionism with the illusion of objectivity afforded by realism. The firm reality of Ibsen’s method remained, but it was banded with the dream sequences or flashbacks of past life existing in the present. In All My Sons and Death of a Salesman, Miller adopts Ibsen’s ‘retrospective structure’ in which an explosive situation in the present is both explained and brought to a crisis by the gradual revelation of something which has happened in the past. In theatre, expressionism has been defined as a mode of writing and production in which the aim is to depict inner meaning rather than outward appearance. For writers, this may imply the use of poetic or stylized language and symbolic characterization. For producers, it implies the use of non-realistic scenery and effects. In expressionistic plays like â€Å"Death of a Salesman†, the following effects are likely to be used: 1) The action may flow without interruption from one time period to another. More than one time period may co-exist. In â€Å"Death of a Salesman† ,the audience see present and past action at the same time when Willy talks to Linda and sees the woman(past) in the same room, when he talks to Charley and Ben(his dead brother) at the same time. 2) The action may be presented as a dream or vision by one of the characters. In Death of a Salesman, this style is most obvious in the use of flashbacks or dream sequences . Much of the family’s history and past events are revealed through Willy’s flashbacks. This is done by narration, dream sequence and memories. All these scenes, in which we have flashbacks, start in the present and then the character only visible to Willy appear. Most of the flashbacks take place during the summer after Biff’s senior year at high school when all the problems began. Biff saw his father with another woman and lost faith in him. Before this, his father was a hero to him, now he is a fraud. These flashbacks explain the current conflict between father and son. We see the second flashback while Willy is playing card game with Charley. Here we see how the flashback appear gradually, usurping the present bit by bit . He is actually talking to the remembered Ben and the real Charlie simultaneously. When Charlie finally realizes that Willy is absent-minded, he makes an exit. Here we see Willy’s too much obsession of the past over present. Miller described Willy as literally at that terrible moment when the voice of the past is no longer distant but quite as loud as the voice of the present†. He didn’t see Willy’s internal sequences as flashbacks. Miller says, â€Å"There are no flashbacks in this play but only a mobile concurrency of past and present †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. because in his desperation to justify his life Willy Loman has destroyed the boundaries between now and then. † 3) The action may take place in more than one location simultaneously. In the kitchen when Willy starts talking to young Biff and Happy in the past, Linda enters the room and asks Willy about the car. 4) The Setting must be non-realistic or partly realistic. One part of the stage may be set with realistic scenery, such as the kitchen at Brooklyn in Death of a Salesman ,but this may have an empty open stage area in front of it into which a single piece of furniture or other item may be brought to suggest a location, or the area may be left empty and used for variety of purposes, such as:In the empty space, Howard Wheels on a table with his wire recorder and his office is rapidly set up. To create a restaurant, Happy and the waiter bring on the chair-table the garden at Brooklyn. The play’s setting contributes to the understanding of the theme. In Death of a Salesman, the realistic set is the backyard of a middle class family. We see Willy’s ‘small, fragile-seeming home’ with one dimensional roof, dwarfed by apartment blocks. Miller says: â€Å"An air of dream clings to the place, a dream rising out of reality†. The world outside Willy’s home seems oppressive and menacing, threatening to swallow up an economic failure like Willy. Here we see the use of stream of consciousness technique. The play begins and end in one basic setting, the Loman home and the flashbacks in stream of consciousness style presents Willy’s present dilemma that is closely connected to the past. Harold Clurman says: â€Å"The play dramatizes Willy’s recollection of the past, and at times switches from a literal presentation of his memory to imaginary and semi-symbolic representation of his thought. † Miller shows the contrast between Willy as a salesman and Willy as a man. Willy does not actually go back to the past. It is the past, as in a hallucination, that comes back to him. Each time when he is frustrated, guilty or accused by his sons, he will be in a dream and the past appears in his mind. It shows Willy’s unconscious desire to avoid pain and to repair the bitterness, frustrations and humiliations of daily life at the present. In order to use this technique more smoothly, Miller chooses Linda and Charley, to present the whole, complete Willy: what he was, what he is, and what he will be. Broken biff says, â€Å"Will you let me go for Christ’s sake? Will you take that phony dream and burn it before something happens? † The time shifts in the setting shows Willy’s stream of consciousness. The set is designed to minimize the boundaries between past and present. When we see Willy’s present, the characters follow the rules of stage direction, entering only through the stage door to the left. When Willy visits his past, the characters openly move through walls. As Willy’s mental state deteriorates, the boundaries between past and present are destroyed and the two start to exist in parallel. So the stage setting expresses Willy’s divided consciousness as the reality of the house walls can be breached. The transparency of the setting represents the fragility of Willy’s hold on reality. Miller sees Willy as living â€Å"at the terrible moment when the voice of the past is no longer distant but quite as loud as the voice of the present. † Miller uses the lighting so that the scenes could change much faster and without the actors leaving the stage. The lighting reflects the basic mood of each act and shows the ‘mobile concurrency of past and present’. It keeps moving from one scene to another scene-The light on Willy and Linda‘s bedroom fades down when the scene ends and the light comes up on the boys bedroom for another scene. ‘A blue light of sky’ falls upon the house. The surrounding area shows ‘an angry glow of orange’, symbolizing the anger of the helpless middle class people in a money minded society. The light in past scenes is brighter than the present scene. It means that past was far better for Willy than present. In an expressionistic drama, music and light might be used to indicate a character’s state of mind. Here music is a contrivance for the dissolution of time and distance limitations. Biff and Happy, dressed in high school football sweaters, are accompanied with the ‘gay music of the boys’. The melody of flute at the beginning evokes the spacious area of old west, where Willy’s father, an inventor, sold flutes . It symbolizes a lost freedom and a lost ideal. When Willy claims to be ‘tired to the death’, the flute fades away, as if unable to cope with the pain of Willy. When Willy commits suicide, Miller says: â€Å"As the car speeds off, the music crashes down in a frenzy of sound, which becomes the soft pulsation of a single cello’s string. † By using the form of confession, Miller makes us think about, who is to blame? Why is biff at the age of thirty four a failure? Why biff and happy still wonder? Symbolism is another feature of expressionism. Linda’s mending of stocking, flute song displaced by childish nonsense from a wire recorder, wife’s praise erased by a whore’s laughter etc, are some beautiful symbols. Willy, the symbol of average American citizen, is trapped by the money-grabbing American society. The planting of seeds symbolize Willy’s meaningless attempt to leave something positive for his sons. One athletic trophy symbolizes the fragment of Loman family’s dream. Here we see that the real characters like Biff, Happy, and Charley can’t fulfill Willy’s expectations. On the other hand, the imaginary presences or the characters from the past are ideal, heroic figures who embody Willy’s unfulfilled dream. Here we see subjective characterization. We find a strong imagery when Willy says, â€Å"the woods are burning. † Willy's brother Ben compares the process of success-building to entering a jungle. Ben says: â€Å"When I was I was seventeen, I walked into the jungle and when I was twenty-one I walked out†¦ And by God I was rich! The jungle was the locale of Ben's success, but for Willy, the forest is burning and there is little time left. The burning woods image is symbolic of Willy's feeling that he cannot bear the pressure of time, debts, human relationships. Even the apartment buildings in his neighborhood are closing in on him. He wants to commit suicide. When Willy’s mind wanders back to the happy days of his sons’ youth, the entire house and surroundings become covered with leaves. The present time is marked by the disappearance of these leaves. After Willy’s death, â€Å"The leaves of day are appearing over everything†. We find dialogues of typical New Yorkers, realistic, full of repetition, hesitations and contradictions. The language of stage direction, dialogue of the characters are very poetic. Willy says: â€Å"Funny you know? After all the highways, and the trains, and the appointments, and the years, you end up worth more dead than alive. † The title, the use of the requiem and Willy’s dialogue everything foreshadow Willy’s death. We also find dramatic irony. Willy portrays himself as being at the top of his game in sales with countless admirers, after thirty years of experience. The biggest irony lies in the fact that at his funeral, nobody except his family members and Charley were present. So the dramatic techniques in Death of a Salesman impresses us as a theatrical triumph and provides us a new example of modern tragedy Miller didn’t use either the timeswitch or the mixture of realist and expressionist technique simply for their own sakes . Actually, this was the best way to tell the story with the minimum of delay and repetition. Naturally, to be touched by the play and to realize it thoroughly are two different things.

Application of Statistics in Daily Life Report Essay Example for Free

Application of Statistics in Daily Life Report Essay Inheritance is the process of creating new classes from the existing class or classes. In  C++  and  C,  classes  can be defined as deriving from a  base class. A  derived class  inherits all of the ancestors protected and public  methods  and data  members. With inheritance if a method is made virtual in the base class then the derived class can override it with different behaviour. This makes possible  polymorphism. Types of classes: Definition:  In  C++  and  C#  OOP, a derived  class  is any class that  inherits  from any other derived class or  base class. Definition:  In  C++  and  C#  OOP, the base  class  is the highest class and does not  inherit  from any other class. Other classes can inherit from a base class. They are called  derived  classes. Forms of Inheritance: Single Inheritance: If a class is derived from a single base class, it is called as single inheritance. Multiple Inheritance: If a class is derived from more than one base class, it is known as multiple inheritance Multilevel Inheritance: The classes can also be derived from the classes that are already derived. This type of inheritance is called multilevel inheritance. Hierarchical Inheritance: If a number of classes are derived from a single base class, it is called as hierarchical inheritance Definition of class:When you define a class, you define a blueprint for a data type. This doesn’t actually define any data, but it does define what the class name means, that is, what an object of the class will consist of and what operations can be performed on such an object. Classes ;amp; Objects in Detail Class member functions: A member function of a class is a function that has its definition or its prototype within the class definition like any other variable. Class access modifiers: A class member can be defined as public, private or protected. By default members would be assumed as private Constructor ;amp; destructor: A class constructor is a special function in a class that is called when a new object of the class is created. A destructor is also a special function which is called when created object is deleted. | | | C++ copy constructor: The copy constructor is a constructor which creates an object by initializing it with an object of the same class, which has been created previously A  friend   function is permitted full access to private and protected members of a class. | C++ inline functions| With an inline function, the compiler tries to expand the code in the body of the function in place of a call to the function. | The this pointer in C++| Every object has a special pointer  this  which points to the object itself. | Pointer to C++ classes| A pointer to a class is done exactly the same way a pointer to a structure is. In fact a class is really just a structure with functions in it. | Static members of a class| Both data members and function members of a class can be declared as static. ENCAPSULATION Definition:  In  Object Oriented Programming,  encapsulation is an attribute of  object  design. It means that all of the object’s data is contained and hidden in the object and access to it restricted to members of that class. C Programming| C++ Programming| C follows the procedural programming paradigm| C++ is a multi-paradigm langua ge(procedural as well as object oriented)| In C language focus on procedure and steps. | C++ focuses on the data rather than the process| In C data hiding and data security is not possible. Data hiding and data security is present. | C uses Top-Down approch| C++ uses Bottom-Up approach| C is a function driven programming language| C++ is a object driven programming language| C does not support overloading concept| C++ supports overloading concepts like operator overloading and function overloading| C does not support namespaces concept| CPP supports Namespaces concept. | C not support exception handling| C++ supports Exception Handling| C is structured programming language| C++ is object oriented programming language. C does not support inheritance, reusability, polymorphism, data abstraction| CPP supports inheritance, reusability, polymorphism, data abstraction. | C language only support Early binding| CPP supports both Early and Late binding| C uses standard input, output functions like scanf and printf. | C++ uses input fu nction cin and output function is cout. | There are all data is available to end user. No data security| There is data abstraction. Not complete data is available to End user| Application of Statistics in Daily Life Report. (2018, Nov 01).

Blooms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Blooms - Essay Example Bloom’s objectives for learning is that man should be a creator, not just a mere storer of existing knowledge. This creativity will eventually assist him in dealing with future and unperceived problems and conflicts, thereby enabling him to be fully equipped intellectually in addressing issues that he may encounter along the way. First published in 1956 Bloom’s Taxonomy of Learning Objectives: Handbook 1- Cognitive Domain, is actually a joint effort of collaborative initiatives headed by Benjamin S. Bloom, an academician and educator, with more than thirty of his colleagues, and is the outcome of eight years extensive work which began in 1948. The primary reason for coming up with this handbook is to provide a set of guidelines and develop a system of classification to assist in the over-all design, testing procedures and assessment of the American learning system. Later on, in 2001, Bloom’s former student, Lorin Anderson, together with Krathwhol, revised some of the established features, the two most prominent of which are the interchanging of the last two stages of hierarchy and the language used, from Bloom’s nouns to verbs, and expanded their content, to make it attune with the times. Bloom’s taxonomy, in its completeness, classifies learning into three domains or categories: the COGNITIVE DOMAIN – includes knowledge or intellectual capacity, or the â€Å"THINK† aspect, and this is divided into six levels; the AFFECTIVE DOMAIN – includes behavior and emotions, the ‘ATTITUDE’ aspect, has five levels; and the PSYCHOMOTOR DOMAIN – includes the physical, motor and manual capabilities, the SKILLS aspect, and this has 6 levels. Of the three, it is the first domain, the Cognitive Domain, which created a global impact for it became a sort of syllabus, or lore for education, and has been translated in more than twenty languages worldwide. Through the years, Bloom’s taxonomy has been m et with countless criticisms, but educators and intellectuals alike cannot ignore the fact that it has set forth a valid, tested, and acceptable sets of objectives to guide them on how learning should progress and evolve. Bloom came out with a publication of his second domain, the AFFECTIVE DOMAIN later on in 1964, (with Krathwhol and Masia) while the third one, the PSYCHOMOTOR DOMAIN, was tackled in detail by other authors, notably RH Dave (1967/70), EJ Simpson (1966/72), and AJ Harrow (1972), which explains the variation in details in the different representations of the Bloom taxonomy (Chapman, Alex). For purposes of brevity, it is the first domain, the COGNITIVE DOMAIN, which shall be tackled here vis-a-vis a senior level college research paper. Bloom’s taxonomy of cognitive domain consist of six tiers, or steps, like a stairway, in the sense that you have to pass thru the first step before you can proceed to the next, a linear movement, until you reach the pinnacle. The first three tiers are what is known as lower level thinking, and these are: Knowledge, Comprehension, and Application. It is imperative that one has to finish each tier one at a time, and finish all three before he can proceed further to the next three tiers, as these last three are more complicated and will require deeper intellectual approaches. These last three are considered higher level thinking,

Taxation Law According to ITAA 1997 and ITAA 1936 CGT Speech or Presentation

Taxation Law According to ITAA 1997 and ITAA 1936 CGT - Speech or Presentation Example Hence these shares would be treated as if acquired by Les for $ 20,000, their market value on 1.4.2004, the date of his father’s death and not the $ 15,000 originally paid by his father on 10 August 2001. 7. Block of land: The block of land was purchased on 1 March 2000 for $ 130,000 and sold on 20 June 2010 for 150,000 resulting in a net CGT of 20,000 (H). Although the settlement proceeds were received on 10 August 2010 in the next financial year they would be taxable as on 30 June 2010 as the asset is considered sold or disposed off in the year the taxpayer loses its ownership. 8. Dividend income from certain shares was $ 5,200 with the imputation credits being $ 2,229. Here the taxpayer is eligible as a small shareholder as his imputation or franking credits are less than $ 5,000. Hence, net taxable income is $ 5,200 - $ 2,229 = $ 2971 (I) Under the dividend reinvestment the shareholder can choose to receive newly issued shares instead of divident. Such a plan is treated as if the shareholder received the actual dividend and then used the money to buy shares. The dividend is taxed like any other dividend (including with any  dividend imputation), and the shares are taken to be acquired for the cash one didnt receive. Dividend imputation is a corporate tax under which some or all of the share paid by the corporate may be attributed or ‘imputed’ to the shareholder by giving him tax credits so as to reduce the tax burden and avoid ‘double taxation’. These credits are called franking credits which the company gives to the shareholder at the time of paying dividend. Under dividend imputation small shareholders are exempt upto $ 5000 and franking credits are fully refundable. An eligible shareholder receiving a franked dividend declares the cash amount plus the franking credit as income, and is credited with the franking credit against their

Nashville urban plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nashville urban plan - Essay Example For this to happen, Nashville must be planned in a manner that ensures that there are enough infrastructural facilities such as roads, enough housing, electricity, stadium, water and sewerage facilities. In addition, there must be enough social facilities in the city such as hospitals, schools, and religious places, as well as recreational facilities. It is only in so doing that Nashville will be able to restore its former glory and be competitive with the rest of the cities in the world. After having conducted a feasibility study in Nashville, it became apparent that Nashville lugs behind because of poor planning. For instance, Prestige Worldwide found out that the road network is a big problem in Nashville. This is because there are few roads that link the city to the rest of the country. This inconveniences communities as they take long on the roads as noted by Parfect, Power, and Ldr International (62). Furthermore, the few roads available are very narrow thereby causing traffic jams to build up very fast. As a result, people spent too long on roads either to or from Nashville. Therefore, as city planners, we have proposed the construction of bypasses to help ease congestions and reduce the traffic jams. At the same time, we have also come up with a strategy to expand the size of the roads leading into the city from its current single lane to eight dual carriages. At the same time, we shall ensure that all roundabouts causing a buildup of traffic jams to and from the city during rush hours are replaced with flyovers, which will see some cars pass from above. Certainly, this will help reduce the traffic menace currently being witnessed in Nashville. A feasibility study conducted by Prestige Worldwide also found out that public transport is a big problem in Nashville. This is because the city has a high number of people commuting from the city outskirts to the town center while there are few available means of public transport (Parfect, Power, and Ldr Interna tional 68). As a result, we intend to solve this problem by establishing both a subway and railway system. As such, we strongly believe that trains will help sort the problem of public transport in the city. The trains will be electric powered and will have a terminus at different locations where commuters will be picked at dropped. Smith and Zepp (16) reveal that Nashville is among the fastest growing cities in the U.S. with its population having doubled over the last century. In spite of the population growth, Nashville has not had enough housing structures to accommodate the growing population. This has resulted in the development of ghettos in the city. However, as the planners of the city, we have proposed the demolition of shanties build in the city, which will then be replaced with modern housing structures. We intend to oversee the construction of as many houses as possible so as to reduce the housing problem being experienced in Nashville. A feasibility study conducted with in the cities central business district also showed a lack of proper planning cause’s congestion in the city. This is because there is no pedestrian system connecting important destinations as noted by Faragher (13). As a result, we propose the construction of pedestrian lanes between houses within the central business

The Architecture of Sleep and the Function of Dreams Essay

The Architecture of Sleep and the Function of Dreams - Essay Example This stage is called stage 1 or NREM sleep. Sleep spindles appear in Stage 2, as EEG further reduces; and it keeps on decreasing while the amplitude of slow waves increases during stage 3. This mixed pattern causes high amplitude delta waves in the deepest sleep or Stage 4; which is also called SWS. Shifts in posture occur; followed by REM. ‘At an interval of 90 minutes, REM/NREM phases alternate; while the NREM stages dominate the first third of the night and REM stages dominates the last third’. (McNamara, 2004, p.p 1-2) We dream during the REM phases of sleep. The dreams of the REM phase have the dream-like quality of emotional drama, fantasy, excitement, and liveliness. The dreams during the NREM phases are more like conceptual thinking and the scenes are usually taken or adapted from our everyday lives. Moreover, the dream intervals at the onset of sleep are short; and they increase in each subsequent REM-NREM cycle after every 90 minutes. The last dream could be of 30-40 minute duration. Freud believed in his Interpretation of Dreams (1911) that the basic function of dreams was wish-fulfillment. ‘We now see what this function is.

Lysistrata by Aristophanes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lysistrata by Aristophanes - Essay Example Lysistrata then decides to summon all women and ask them to turn down any sexual requests from their husbands until the men decide to end the war. The heated conversation between the Commissioner and Lysistrata only highlights Lysistrata's sensibility. The women's power is further emphasized when they manage to scare away the Commissioner's police officers. Attempting to convince the Commissioner that war has cost women dearly and that a city should not be run with abrupt violence, Lysistrata uses an analogy of wool spinning-a common activity for women. The play approaches its reconciliation when the kings of Sparta and Athens both have an erection but are unable to have sex with their wives. The play then ends on a comic note with every man having an erection and desiring Lysistrata's naked maid while Lysistrata lectures them and has them sign the peace treaty. Although women in Lysistrata are able to influence war in Greence, they can only rely on their feminine sexuality and their husband's sexual desire to achieve such a political goal. In other words, on one hand Lysistrata wants women to assert their autonomy; on the other hand she exploits their sexuality. Thus, Lysistrata's only means to challenge men's authority is by using women as sexual objects. Lysistrata may be seen as a feminine figure as she arouses solidarity among women and takes the initiative to challenge the gender status quo in the country. On the surface, Lysistrata defies against the stereotypes of women set by men: domestic, docile, and obedience. However, by asking the women to refuse sex with their husbands to achieve the political goal, Lysistrata is in fact encouraging women to view their sexuality as a mere instrument, or a tool for them to achieve status quo with their husbands. Lysistrata displays her tendency to objectify women, just like their husbands do. For example, she gazes at Lampito and makes her feel like "a heifer come fair time." Lysistrata also scrutinizes Ismenia's vagina and the buttocks of the Korinthian Girl. Ironically, Lysistrata is examining the bodies of women as if she is a man while her goal is to define the gender inequality in Greece. While exploiting other women's sexuality, Lysistrata denies her femininity and she may be the most masculine character in the play. Lysistrata instructs the women to play on male stereotypes, that is, men have boundless sexual desire, while becoming more masculine herself. The only way Lysistrata can gain and retain her power is by rejecting not only the frailty, but also the femininity of women. In other words, Lysistrata can only empower herself as a woman by not acting like one. This complicates the argument that Lysistrata is a feminist play. According to the historical context of Ancient Greece, all characters in the play will be played by male actors in front of male audiences. This will inevitably affect the sexual tension of the play. In this particular context, the play may be viewed as a piece of male-oriented instead of feminist work as it allows the male audience to mock the "empowerment" of women with the overall comical tone of the play. The fact that there are no real women on stage and that Lysistrata is a masculine character suggests that Aristophanes does not intend to make the play an advocacy for female political autonomy. Ultimately, it is the men who have the power to change the

Explain why emissions' trading is a compromise between a) the Pigovian Essay

Explain why emissions' trading is a compromise between a) the Pigovian taxation approach and b) the pure Coase theorem approac - Essay Example 8). Pigouvian taxation approach Emission trading and Pigouvian taxation are both the approaches for reducing the emission s of greenhouse gases by providing incentives to firms and individuals. The Pigouvian tax involves the increase of cost of production of carbon by the government, and the market determines the efficient quantity. On the contrary, the emission trade entails the regulation of the amount of emission by the government with a market-determined price of the carbon, based on the reallocation of polluting permits (Mabey 2001 p. 61). Pigouvian tax effectively requires a polluter to internalize the cost of pollution by imposing taxes. This tax represents the cost to society, because of polluting the environment. The emission trade and the Pigovian approach can lead to the same reduction of pollutants. Emissions trade though is more advantageous, because the rights to pollute are given through a market to those who can make efficient use of them (Lane 2009 p. 145). For compa nies to trade their carbon credits, they have to reduce their emission. However, companies that generate higher emission will have to buy more credits (Tiwari & Dubey 2010 p. 316). Pure Coase theorem approach Coase theorem describes the financial effectiveness of an economic allocation, or the result in the presence of externality. According to this theorem, if there is the possibility of externality, and there are the absences of transaction costs, bargaining can cause an efficient result without considering the first allocation of property rights. Poor definition of property rights can obstruct the coasian agreement (Callan & Thomas 2009, p.69). The coase theorem is the motivation principle behind emission trade because when there are absence of transaction expenses, the involved individuals can negotiate to a jointly beneficial result (Fine & Milinakis 2009 p. 101) Bargaining to a mutually helpful outcome can be expensive because the transactions costs are almost never zero. This concept is very important for the market-based environmental policy. Reduction of transaction costs is a fundamental factor in facilitating people to use markets to handle and optimize pollution. Coase theorem rests upon restraining assumptions like the small size groups, and near-zero transaction costs. However, in practice, transaction costs are often prohibitive and the government has to intercede (Harris 2003 p. 39). Two major approaches to environmental regulations are the use of command and control together with economic instruments (Gokcekus, Umut & LaMoreaux 2011 p.257). Command and control methods like pollution standards and targets are commonly found in the developing and the developed countries. Actors who fail to meet the levels that were specified by the standard are liable to sanctions. This is in contrast to economic instruments, which work by modifying markets and the incentives of agents in order to achieve publicly desirable amount of pollution (Levin 2009 p. 741 ). Market creation for the emission trade is an efficient method of lowering transaction costs. In reducing the transaction expenses, it is important to define and enforce property rights so that a company that has a right to emit a certain amount per year can trade away some or all the rights, and will be held accountable for the amount that it emits. Therefore, if